Roseate spoonbill: Difference between revisions
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</ | [[File:Roseate Spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) (30675303153).jpg|320px|thumb|alt=Roseate Spoonbill (Platalea ajaja)|'''Roseate spoonbill'''<br/>''Platalea ajaja''<br/>Status: [[:Category:Endangered Species|State Threatened]]]] | ||
The Roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) is a medium-sized, pink-bodied, wading bird with a flat spatula-shaped bill. They are found in the southeastern United States and West Indies through Mexico and Central America to South America. The Roseate spoonbill is the only spoonbill native to the Western Hemisphere and the only pink bird that breeds in Florida. Spoonbills can be seen within the [[Indian River Lagoon Estuary|Indian River Lagoon National Estuary]] at the [[Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge]] in Titusville, Florida. | |||
Roseate spoonbills feed by sweeping their spoon-shaped bills side to side, often sifting through mud as they walk through shallow water. Their diet includes small fishes and aquatic {{Define|invertebrate}}s, as well as some plant material. They are found in coastal marshes, {{Define|lagoon}}s, mudflats, and {{Define|mangrove}} keys, foraging in salt, fresh and {{Define|brackish}} water. Flocks typically include fewer than half a dozen individuals. | |||
Roseate spoonbills feed by sweeping their spoon-shaped bills side to side, often sifting through mud as they walk through shallow water. Their diet includes small fishes and aquatic | |||
Spoonbills reach maturity at approximately 16 weeks. Females typically lay two to five brown-speckled white eggs, which hatch after about 24 days. In about eight weeks, the young roseate spoonbills are ready to fly.<ref name="tpwd" /> Spoonbills can live up to 15 years in human care and an estimated 10 years in the wild.<ref name="natzooroseate" /> | Spoonbills reach maturity at approximately 16 weeks. Females typically lay two to five brown-speckled white eggs, which hatch after about 24 days. In about eight weeks, the young roseate spoonbills are ready to fly.<ref name="tpwd" /> Spoonbills can live up to 15 years in human care and an estimated 10 years in the wild.<ref name="natzooroseate" /> | ||
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==Appearance== | ==Appearance== | ||
Roseate spoonbills have pink wings and underparts (with some red on the tops of the wings) with a white neck and back, and pinkish legs and feet.<ref name="fwcroseate" /> They can reach a length of 30-40 inches with a wingspan of 50-53 inches<ref name="fwcroseate" /> and weigh up to 4 pounds.<ref name="fwsdarlingroseate" /> | |||
The pink coloration of spoonbill feathers is caused by an abundance of carotenoids, or algae pigments, present in the food the birds eat. As the spoonbill ages, the carotenoids accumulate from all of the aquatic animals it has eaten and the pink coloration becomes darker.<ref name="fwsdarlingroseate" /> No other Florida species is similar. The roseate spoonbill is the only spoonbill native to the Western Hemisphere and is the only pink bird that breeds in Florida.<ref name="fwcroseate" /> | |||
The | ==Distribution== | ||
[[File:2019-02-15 074 Roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) at Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve, Mexico.jpg|320px|thumb|right|alt=Roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) in flight|Spoonbill in flight]] | |||
The roseate spoonbill has an incredibly large distribution across the Americas, with its residential, or non-breeding, range spanning Argentina and Chile northward to the Texas Gulf Coast and Florida.<ref name="huey" /> There has never been a sighting outside of the Americas.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | |||
In the winter, U.S. populations are restricted to the southernmost regions of the Gulf Coast, primarily in south Florida, southwest Louisiana, and coastal Texas.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> In Florida, the species is found in Florida Bay, Tampa Bay, and Brevard County.<ref name="fwcroseate" /> | |||
Although their range is poorly documented in South America, spoonbills are known to inhabit some portion of each South American country at some time of year.<ref name="iucn" /> Unlike the spoonbills of the U.S., the spoonbills in South America tend to prefer living and nesting inland around freshwater.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> Some believe the South American populations are distinct from the resident populations in the USA and Central America.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | |||
As for breeding range, in the U.S., the roseate spoonbill breeds along the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, and southern Florida. Outside of the U.S., spoonbills only seem to breed along the coasts of Mexico and Central American countries.<ref name="howell" /> Little information on the spoonbills breeding range is available in Central and South America.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | |||
==Behavior== | |||
[[File:Roseate Spoonbill - Myakka River State Park.jpg|320px|thumb|right|alt=Roseate Spoonbill (Platalea ajaja)|Roseate Spoonbill (Platalea ajaja)]] | |||
Roseate spoonbills forage using tacto-location to locate food while wading through shallow, muddy waters. In the early mornings and evenings, they slowly walk with their bill partially submerged, swinging it side to side, to sift out food from mud and water. The mandible contains nerve endings that snap the jaw shut as it contacts prey.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | |||
Catching prey by feeling, roseate spoonbills are able to forage without light, and thus their eye structure is not highly developed.<ref name="rojas" /> Roseate spoonbills eat smaller prey. This includes fish such as minnows and killifish; {{Define|crustacean}}s such as shrimp, crayfish, and crabs; aquatic insects; mollusks; slugs; and plant material such as roots and stems.<ref name="audubonroseate" /> If needed, roseate spoonbills may beat prey against a hard surface to aid in digestion .<ref name="arkive" /> | |||
Roseate spoonbills preen using their bill to nibble and run down the length of each feather, starting with their lower neck and down to their breast and abdomen. They clean their bill by dipping the tip in the water and then shaking their head to dry the bill.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | |||
Sleeping occurs communally with the roseate spoonbills standing on one leg, with their head turned backward underneath feathers in their upper back.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | |||
Members within a flock have been seen having a sham battle. This interaction does not harm either fighter, and it is unknown why this behavior is done. In the sham battle, two birds fly at each other, and may rise about a meter off the ground as they beat their wings.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | |||
When faced with a threat, roseate spoonbills alert the colony by standing tall with their neck outstretched and head held high. An alarm call may come in addition to this stance to call further attention to the threat. When fighting a threat, they hold the axis of their body parallel to the ground with their head lowered, neck outstretched, and wings raised above their body. Striking with their bill may result if the threat is intensified. One threat that causes this kind of behavior includes territorial defense against an encroaching member of an outside flock.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | |||
Only males have been seen to use defense mechanisms to defend a wide territory around his nesting site.<ref name="arkive" /> Defense mechanisms may include a threat posture and chasing other spoonbills. Males will give up their territory rather than fight if threatened by other species. Females will only defend the actual nest.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | |||
Some displays are performed by the whole flock including up-flights and sky-gazing.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> Up-flights occur after the flock performs an erect posture and then flies up and circles around their territory.<ref name="audubonroseate" /> Sky-gazing occurs when another spoonbill is seen flying and individuals in the flock extend their neck and point their bill to the flying bird.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | |||
== | ==Habitat== | ||
[[File:Juvenile Roseate Spoonbill ( Ajaia ajaja ) at Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge - Flickr - Andrea Westmoreland.jpg|320px|thumb|right|alt=Juvenile Roseate Spoonbill ( Ajaia ajaja ) feeding|Roseate spoonbill feeding]] | |||
Roseate spoonbills are aquatic wading birds with separate feeding and nesting {{Define|habitat}}s. | |||
===Feeding Habitat=== | |||
Their preferred feeding habitat is shallow water with a muddy substrate bottom.<ref name="audubonroseate" /> Since spoonbills use their elongate bill to sift through the mud for food and their ability to lean in is dictated by their height, the water must be shallow for them to successfully forage. The spoonbills’ tarsus, or lower leg, is typically 4.2 to 4.8 inches long, meaning that their preferred water depth is equal to or less than 4.7 inches, on average. When absolutely necessary, spoonbills will occasionally feed in deeper water, where their breast feathers and heads are fully immersed.<ref name="allenaudubon" /><ref name="harrison" /><ref name="lewis" /> | |||
Spoonbills do not seem to be directly affected by salinity and will forage in a variety of salt, brackish, and fresh water habitats.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | |||
Some specific locations include coastal bays, estuaries, lagoons, seagrass flats, marsh, tidal pools and mosquito control impoundments. One study in Florida found that spoonbills seem to prefer freshwater in some areas, which may be related to a limited ability to deal with hyperosmotic prey.<ref name="britto" /> | |||
==Habitat== | ===Nesting Habitat=== | ||
Roseate spoonbills | [[File:Roseate_spoonbill_couple_McCarthy.jpg|320px|thumb|right|alt=Roseate spoonbill nestlings|Roseate spoonbill nestlings]] | ||
In an attempt to stay far from potential disturbances and predators, Roseate spoonbills primarily nest and roost on islands, islets, or keys, in dense vegetation above ground or standing water.<ref name="lewis" /> Although less preferable, spoonbills will also nest in shrub and forest wetlands on the mainland and occasionally in upland habitats farther inland.<ref name="lewis" /> | |||
Spoonbills do not require unique nesting habitat and will nest in mixed colonies with egrets, ibises, herons and other wading birds, so long as they are near suitable foraging habitat.<ref name="fnairoseate" /> | |||
Roseate spoonbills construct their nests on shady horizontal branches, five to fifteen feet above ground or water.<ref name="allenaudubon" /><ref name="lewis" /> The highest spoonbill nest recorded measured 98 feet above the ground.<ref name="lewis" /> | |||
No specific vegetation is required, as spoonbills will construct their nests atop any low vegetation, trees, or shrubs with any plant material that is abundant in the nesting location or nearby shoreline.<ref name="white" /> | |||
== | ==Mating== | ||
[[File:Roseate spoonbill nest.jpg|320px|thumb|right|alt=Roseate spoonbill nest.|Roseate spoonbill nest.]] | |||
During courtship, the male and female first interact aggressively toward one another, but then proceed to perch close together with their bills crossed as the female begins to act submissively.<ref name="audubonroseate" /> | |||
Courtship for roseate spoonbills involves ritualized exchanges of nest material such as sticks and twigs from the male to the female to attract her and help her build a deeply cupped nest in vegetation above a water source.<ref name="tpwd" /> Males may head-bob and shake the stick as they deliver nesting materials to a female. Females have been seen to beg for nesting materials with a bowing display.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | |||
They typically nest in [[Mangrove|mangroves]] or other trees and shrubs 5 to 15 feet above ground or water. The nest, a bulky platform of sticks with a deep twig, and leaf-lined center is built mainly by the female with material brought by the male.<ref name="matheu" /> | |||
Clutch size is 2 to 3 eggs, (range 1 to 5). The white eggs are spotted with brown. Eggs are incubated (by both sexes) for 22 to 24 days. Both parents feed the young. Young may leave the nest after 5 to 6 weeks and are capable of strong flight at around 7 to 8 weeks.<ref name="matheu" /> | |||
<big>'''Roseate Spoonbill Nesting Facts<ref name="allaboutbirdsroseate" />'''</big> | |||
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| Clutch Size: || 1-5 eggs | | Clutch Size: || 1-5 eggs | ||
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==Threats== | ==Threats== | ||
In the late 1800s, hunting for the feather trade decimated the roseate spoonbill population. The US Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 was enacted, prohibiting the taking of roseate spoonbills, their eggs, and their nests | [[File:Roseate Spoonbill Estero Llano SP Mission TX 2018-03-06 10-37-12 (40701327342).jpg|320px|thumb|right|Roseate spoonbill in flight.]] | ||
In the late 1800s, hunting for the feather trade decimated the roseate spoonbill population. The US Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 was enacted, prohibiting the taking of roseate spoonbills, their eggs, and their nests.<ref name="fnairoseate" /> | |||
Roseate spoonbills feed and nest in coastal marshes, lagoons, mudflats, and mangroves that are being highly altered from coastal development | Currently, roseate spoonbills are under least concern on the IUCN Red list with a stable population.<ref name="iucn" /> Even though their population is stable, roseate spoonbills are suffering from habitat degradation and loss.<ref name="tpwd" /> Roseate spoonbills feed and nest in coastal marshes, lagoons, mudflats, and mangroves that are being highly altered from coastal development. Tourism in these newly developed areas further degrades the habitat of waterbird species. | ||
Roseate spoonbills have been observed to stay away from high traffic areas, which may affect their migration routes and breeding sites | Roseate spoonbills have been observed to stay away from high traffic areas, which may affect their migration routes and breeding sites.<ref name="klein" /> Analyzing hydrological processes, nesting distribution, and reproductive success is important when conserving the habitat for the roseate spoonbill.<ref name="bjork94" /> | ||
Along with habitat loss, parasites are also a cause for concern to roseate spoonbill populations. In Southern Florida, 89% of roseate spoonbills examined were found to be infected with parasitic helminths | Along with habitat loss, parasites are also a cause for concern to roseate spoonbill populations. In Southern Florida, 89% of roseate spoonbills examined were found to be infected with parasitic helminths.<ref name="Sepulveda" /> These parasites may come from their diet and lead to pathogens for roseate spoonbills. Texas roseate spoonbills are not infected by similar helminth species as the Florida individuals. One cause for this may be a difference in diet, resulting in different parasites being present.<ref name="Sepulveda" /> In Texas populations, nematode and cestode parasites have been found.<ref name="huey" /> The effects of these parasites is not well known but may lead to eggshell thinning, developmental issues, and an increase in disease. | ||
[[File:Roseate Spoonbill FWS 15049a.jpg|320px|thumb|right|Roseate spoonbill]] | |||
As a result of polluted waters from increased development, the presence of mercury in roseate spoonbill livers has been observed.<ref name="sundlof" /> Increasingly polluted waters affect roseate spoonbills because it increases the concentration of contaminants such as mercury in fish species that constitute a large portion of their diet. Populations that eat larger fish accumulate a greater concentration of mercury in their systems due to biomagnification. Effects of mercury in wading birds include loss of motor skill, an increase in diseases, decreased immune function, embryo mortality, and alterations in behavior. Other toxins that may be of concern to the roseate spoonbill include cadmium, lead, and organochlorides.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | |||
Predators can threaten the roseate spoonbill population if there is an increase in predator density. Common predators to roseate spoonbills include humans, raccoons, fish crows, great-tailed grackles, and the red imported fire ant.<ref name="drees" /> Many of these predators attack the eggs and nestlings of waterbirds. To decrease the effects of predators on prey populations, monitoring the interaction and population of each species is necessary. | |||
Some of these threats may worsen and lead to a susceptible roseate spoonbill population. In order to prevent this, systematic monitoring schemes, conservation sites, buffer zones, and water quality monitoring must continue.<ref name="iucn" /> | |||
Some of these threats may worsen and lead to a susceptible roseate spoonbill population. In order to prevent this, systematic monitoring schemes, conservation sites, buffer zones, and water quality monitoring must continue | |||
==Conservation and Management== | ==Conservation and Management== | ||
[[File:Juvenile Roseate Spoonbill (4205060854).jpg|320px|thumb|right|Juvenile Roseate spoonbill]] | |||
Today, the roseate spoonbill is protected in the United States by the [https://www.fws.gov/birds/policies-and-regulations/laws-legislations/migratory-bird-treaty-act.php#:~:text=The%20Migratory%20Bird%20Treaty%20Act%20prohibits%20the%20take%20(including%20killing,U.S.%20Fish%20and%20Wildlife%20Service. U.S. Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918] and in Florida as a State-designated Threatened species by [https://www.flrules.org/gateway/ChapterHome.asp?Chapter=68A-27 Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species Rule].<ref name="fwcroseate" /> | Today, the roseate spoonbill is protected in the United States by the [https://www.fws.gov/birds/policies-and-regulations/laws-legislations/migratory-bird-treaty-act.php#:~:text=The%20Migratory%20Bird%20Treaty%20Act%20prohibits%20the%20take%20(including%20killing,U.S.%20Fish%20and%20Wildlife%20Service. U.S. Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918] and in Florida as a State-designated Threatened species by [https://www.flrules.org/gateway/ChapterHome.asp?Chapter=68A-27 Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species Rule].<ref name="fwcroseate" /> | ||
Perhaps the most important conservation problem for this species is the degradation and destruction of coastal foraging and nesting habitat.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | Perhaps the most important {{Define|conservation}} problem for this species is the degradation and destruction of coastal foraging and nesting habitat.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | ||
Some of the human activities that put the roseate spoonbill population at risk include | Some of the human activities that put the roseate spoonbill population at risk include: recreational development, channelization of streams, creation of locks and dams, dredging, increasing boat traffic, draining wetlands, applying pesticide on agricultural land, and deforestation.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | ||
A major threat to roseate spoonbills is food availability, which is easily threatened by reduced freshwater inflow and hypersalinity exceeding physiological tolerance of prey | A major threat to roseate spoonbills is food availability, which is easily threatened by reduced freshwater inflow and hypersalinity exceeding the physiological tolerance of prey.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | ||
In addition to salinity issues, pesticides and other toxic contaminants such as organochlorides (DDT, DDD, dieldrin) and heavy metals (cadmium, lead), are harmful to both roseate spoonbills and their prey.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> With proper coastal water management, however, these last two threats are manageable. | In addition to salinity issues, pesticides and other toxic contaminants such as organochlorides (DDT, DDD, dieldrin) and heavy metals (cadmium, lead), are harmful to both roseate spoonbills and their prey.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> With proper coastal water management, however, these last two threats are manageable. | ||
Overall, some of the management practices necessary for maintaining preferable habitat for roseate spoonbills include--maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas, riparian habitat, and nature preserves; restricting human disturbance during migration, breeding, and nesting by creating no-access buffer zones; controlling pollution in aquatic habitats; protecting existing wetlands and restoring degraded wetlands; prohibiting hunting; and providing protection from predators like feral dogs and raccoons | Overall, some of the management practices necessary for maintaining preferable habitat for roseate spoonbills include--maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas, riparian habitat, and nature preserves; restricting human disturbance during migration, breeding, and nesting by creating no-access buffer zones; controlling pollution in aquatic habitats; protecting existing wetlands and restoring degraded wetlands; prohibiting hunting; and providing protection from predators like feral dogs and raccoons.<ref name="allenaudubon" /><ref name="fnairoseate" /> | ||
For now, the main goal should be the continual protection of the roseate spoonbill’s foraging and nesting habitat to ensure recruitment opportunities in the future.<ref name="allenaudubon" /> In order to properly manage the roseate spoonbill population, a few aspects of their biology need to be thoroughly investigated. Some areas of future research should include nesting and breeding ecology, diet and foraging ecology, demographic parameters, population genetics, and behavioral repertoire.<ref name="Dumas2000" /> | |||
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==Video== | |||
{{#evl:4bUNlC7N88Y|Roseate Spoonbills in Florida|1|player=youtube}} | |||
{{#evl:GR-OZixT7kM|Roseate Spoonbill Feeding Nestlings|2|player=youtube}} | |||
{{#evl:i5khCf-Rwq0|Spoonbills an indicator of health for Florida Bay|3|player=youtube}} | |||
<evlplayer w="320" id="youtube"> | |||
Please select a Roseate spoonbill video to view. | |||
[[File:Roseate Spoonbill (43511198055).jpg|320px|frameless|left|link=]] | |||
</evlplayer> | |||
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== | ==See Also== | ||
[[ | [[Roseate Spoonbill Pictures|Roseate Spoonbill Photo Gallery]] | ||
[ | |||
[ | ==Documents== | ||
* [https://www.fnai.org/FieldGuide/pdf/Ajaia_ajaja.pdf Florida Natural Areas Inventory - Roseate spoonbill (PDF, 2pp, 48KB)] | |||
* [https://myfwc.com/media/2151/wading-birds-species-action-plan-final-draft.pdf FWC - A Species Action Plan for Six Imperiled Wading Birds (PDF)] | |||
* [http://www.texasthestateofwater.org/screening/pdf_docs/fact_sheets/roseate_spoonbill.pdf Roseate Spoonbill Factsheet (PDF)] | |||
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222430492_Roseate_spoonbill_reproduction_as_an_indicator_for_restoration_of_the_Everglades_and_the_Everglades_estuaries Roseate spoonbill reproduction as an indicator for restoration of the Everglades and the Everglades estuaries. (PDF)] | |||
[[ | ==Weblinks== | ||
[[ | * [https://eol.org/pages/45509056 Encyclopedia of Life - Roseate spoonbill] | ||
* [https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/birds/waterbirds/roseate-spoonbill/ Florida Wildlife Conservation - Roseate spoonbill] | |||
* [https://www.fws.gov/refuge/JN_Ding_Darling/wildlife_and_habitat/roseate_spoonbill.html FWS Darling National Wildlife Refuge - Roseate spoonbill] | |||
* [https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/roseate-spoonbill Smithsonian National Zoo - Roseate spoonbill] | |||
* [https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Roseate_Spoonbill All About Birds - Roseate spoonbill] | |||
* [https://www.nps.gov/bicy/learn/nature/roseate-spoonbill.htm National Park Service - Roseate spoonbill] | |||
* [https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/species/spoonbill/ Texas Parks and Wildlife - Roseate spoonbill] | |||
* [https://www.tampabay.com/environment/for-one-rare-bird-flight-from-south-floridas-changing-climate-sparks-a-surprising-revival-20190702/ Roseate spoonbill in Tampa Bay] | |||
* [https://fl.audubon.org/news/audubon-studies-roseate-spoonbill-track-population-rebound Roseate Spoonbill Population Rebound] | |||
* [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697574/93621961 IUCN Red List of Threatened Secies - Roseate spoonbill] | |||
* [https://www.fws.gov/birds/policies-and-regulations/laws-legislations/migratory-bird-treaty-act.php#:~:text=The%20Migratory%20Bird%20Treaty%20Act%20prohibits%20the%20take%20(including%20killing,U.S.%20Fish%20and%20Wildlife%20Service. U.S. Migratory Bird Treaty Act] | |||
* [https://www.flrules.org/gateway/ChapterHome.asp?Chapter=68A-27 Florida Rule 68A-27 - Endangered or Threatened Species] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:left"> | |||
<references> | <references> | ||
<ref name="fwcroseate">[https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/birds/waterbirds/roseate-spoonbill/ FWC Roseate spoonbill Profile]</ref> | <ref name="fwcroseate">[https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/birds/waterbirds/roseate-spoonbill/ FWC Roseate spoonbill Profile]</ref> | ||
<ref name="tpwd">[https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/species/spoonbill/ Texas Parks and Widlife - Roseate spoonbill]</ref> | <ref name="tpwd">[https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/species/spoonbill/ Texas Parks and Widlife - Roseate spoonbill]</ref> | ||
<ref name="natzooroseate">[https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/roseate-spoonbill National Zoo - Roseate spoonbill]</ref> | <ref name="natzooroseate">[https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/roseate-spoonbill National Zoo - Roseate spoonbill]</ref> | ||
<ref name="fwsdarlingroseate">[https://www.fws.gov/refuge/JN_Ding_Darling/wildlife_and_habitat/roseate_spoonbill.html Darling National Wildlife Refuge - Roseate spoonbill]</ref> | <ref name="fwsdarlingroseate">[https://www.fws.gov/refuge/JN_Ding_Darling/wildlife_and_habitat/roseate_spoonbill.html Darling National Wildlife Refuge - Roseate spoonbill]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="allaboutbirdsroseate">.[https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Roseate_Spoonbill/lifehistory All About Birds - Roseate spoonbill]</ref> | ||
<ref name="Dumas2000">Dumas, J. V. 2000. Roseate spoonbill. The Birds of North America. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.</ref> | <ref name="Dumas2000">Dumas, J. V. 2000. Roseate spoonbill. The Birds of North America. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.</ref> | ||
Rojas, L.M., R. McNeil, T. Cabana, and P. Lachapelle. 1999. Behavioral, morphological and physiological correlates of diurnal and nocturnal vision in selected wading bird species. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 53:227-242. | <ref name="rojas">Rojas, L.M., R. McNeil, T. Cabana, and P. Lachapelle. 1999. Behavioral, morphological and physiological correlates of diurnal and nocturnal vision in selected wading bird species. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 53:227-242.</ref> | ||
Roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja). | <ref name="audubonroseate">National Audubon Society. 2014. Roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja). Field Guide.</ref> | ||
Roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja). | <ref name="arkive">Roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja). ARKive. 10 April 2016.</ref> | ||
<ref name="howell">Howell, S. N. G. and S. Webb. 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press.</ref> | |||
<ref name="huey">Huey, R., and N. Dronen. 1981. Nematode and Cestode Parasites from the Roseate Spoonbill, Ajaia ajaja, including Paradilepis diminuta sp. n. (Cestoda: Dilepididae). The Journal of Parasitology 67:721–723. doi:10.2307/3280450</ref> | |||
<ref name="sundlof">Sundlof, S., M. Spalding, J. Wentworth, and C. Steible. 1994. Mercury in livers of wading birds (ciconiiformes) in southern Florida. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27:299-305. doi:10.1007/bf00213163</ref> | |||
<ref name="allenaudubon">Allen, R. P. 1942. The Roseate Spoonbill. National Audubon Society.</ref> | |||
<ref name="fnairoseate">Florida Natural Areas Inventory (FNAI). 2001. Roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja). Field Guide to the Rare Animals of Florida.</ref> | |||
<ref name="harrison">Harrison, H. H. 1975. Field guide to birds' nests. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston.</ref> | |||
Lewis, J.C. 1983. Habitat suitability index models: roseate spoonbill. U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. | <ref name="lewis">Lewis, J.C. 1983. Habitat suitability index models: roseate spoonbill. U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service.</ref> | ||
<ref name="britto">Britto, V., and L. Bugoni. 2014. The contrasting feeding ecology of great egrets and roseate spoonbills in limnetic and estuarine colonies. Hydrobiologia 744:187–210. doi: 10.1007/s10750-014-2076-1.</ref> | |||
<ref name="klein">Klein, M.L., S.R. Humphrey, and H.F. Percival. 1995. Effects of ecotourism on distribution of waterbirds in wildlife refuge. Conservation Biology 9:1454-1465.</ref> | |||
<ref name="Sepulveda">Sepulveda, M.S., M.G. Spalding, J.M. Kinsella, R.D. Bjork, and G.S. McLaughlin. 1994. Helminths of the Roseate spoonbill, Ajaia ajaja, in Southern Florida. Journal of the Helmninthological Society of Washington 61:179-189.</ref> | |||
<ref name="iucn">[https://www.iucnredlist.org IUCN Red List of Threatened Species], BirdLife International. 2012. Platalea ajaja (Roseate Spoonbill). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN.</ref> | |||
<ref name="white">White, C. Mitchell, and E. Cromartie. 1982. Nesting Ecology of Roseate Spoonbills at Nueces Bay, Texas. The American Ornithologists' Union 99:275–284.</ref> | |||
<ref name="drees">Drees, B.M. 1994 Red imported fire ant predation on nestlings of colonial waterbirds. Soutwestern Entomologist 19: 355-359.</ref> | |||
<ref name="bjork94">Bjork, R.D. and G.V.N. Powell. 1994. Relationships between hydrologic conditions and quality and quantity of foraging habitat for roseate spoonbills and other wading birds in the C-111 Basin. Final Report to the South Florida Research Center. National Audubon Society.</ref> | |||
<ref name="matheu">Matheu, E. & del Hoyo, J. 1992. Family Threskiornithidae (ibises and spoonbills). In del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A. and Sargatal, J. (eds.) Handbook of the Birds of the World, 472–506. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. [Google Scholar]</ref> | |||
</references> | |||
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[[Category:Land Animals]] | [[Category:Land Animals]] | ||
[[Category:Endangered Species]] | |||
Latest revision as of 09:03, December 1, 2021
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The Roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) is a medium-sized, pink-bodied, wading bird with a flat spatula-shaped bill. They are found in the southeastern United States and West Indies through Mexico and Central America to South America. The Roseate spoonbill is the only spoonbill native to the Western Hemisphere and the only pink bird that breeds in Florida. Spoonbills can be seen within the Indian River Lagoon National Estuary at the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge in Titusville, Florida.
Roseate spoonbills feed by sweeping their spoon-shaped bills side to side, often sifting through mud as they walk through shallow water. Their diet includes small fishes and aquatic invertebrates, as well as some plant material. They are found in coastal marshes, lagoons, mudflats, and mangrove keys, foraging in salt, fresh and brackish water. Flocks typically include fewer than half a dozen individuals.
Spoonbills reach maturity at approximately 16 weeks. Females typically lay two to five brown-speckled white eggs, which hatch after about 24 days. In about eight weeks, the young roseate spoonbills are ready to fly.[1] Spoonbills can live up to 15 years in human care and an estimated 10 years in the wild.[2]
Appearance
Roseate spoonbills have pink wings and underparts (with some red on the tops of the wings) with a white neck and back, and pinkish legs and feet.[3] They can reach a length of 30-40 inches with a wingspan of 50-53 inches[3] and weigh up to 4 pounds.[4]
The pink coloration of spoonbill feathers is caused by an abundance of carotenoids, or algae pigments, present in the food the birds eat. As the spoonbill ages, the carotenoids accumulate from all of the aquatic animals it has eaten and the pink coloration becomes darker.[4] No other Florida species is similar. The roseate spoonbill is the only spoonbill native to the Western Hemisphere and is the only pink bird that breeds in Florida.[3]
Distribution
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The roseate spoonbill has an incredibly large distribution across the Americas, with its residential, or non-breeding, range spanning Argentina and Chile northward to the Texas Gulf Coast and Florida.[5] There has never been a sighting outside of the Americas.[6]
In the winter, U.S. populations are restricted to the southernmost regions of the Gulf Coast, primarily in south Florida, southwest Louisiana, and coastal Texas.[6] In Florida, the species is found in Florida Bay, Tampa Bay, and Brevard County.[3]
Although their range is poorly documented in South America, spoonbills are known to inhabit some portion of each South American country at some time of year.[7] Unlike the spoonbills of the U.S., the spoonbills in South America tend to prefer living and nesting inland around freshwater.[6] Some believe the South American populations are distinct from the resident populations in the USA and Central America.[6]
As for breeding range, in the U.S., the roseate spoonbill breeds along the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, and southern Florida. Outside of the U.S., spoonbills only seem to breed along the coasts of Mexico and Central American countries.[8] Little information on the spoonbills breeding range is available in Central and South America.[6]
Behavior
Roseate spoonbills forage using tacto-location to locate food while wading through shallow, muddy waters. In the early mornings and evenings, they slowly walk with their bill partially submerged, swinging it side to side, to sift out food from mud and water. The mandible contains nerve endings that snap the jaw shut as it contacts prey.[6]
Catching prey by feeling, roseate spoonbills are able to forage without light, and thus their eye structure is not highly developed.[9] Roseate spoonbills eat smaller prey. This includes fish such as minnows and killifish; crustaceans such as shrimp, crayfish, and crabs; aquatic insects; mollusks; slugs; and plant material such as roots and stems.[10] If needed, roseate spoonbills may beat prey against a hard surface to aid in digestion .[11]
Roseate spoonbills preen using their bill to nibble and run down the length of each feather, starting with their lower neck and down to their breast and abdomen. They clean their bill by dipping the tip in the water and then shaking their head to dry the bill.[6]
Sleeping occurs communally with the roseate spoonbills standing on one leg, with their head turned backward underneath feathers in their upper back.[6]
Members within a flock have been seen having a sham battle. This interaction does not harm either fighter, and it is unknown why this behavior is done. In the sham battle, two birds fly at each other, and may rise about a meter off the ground as they beat their wings.[6]
When faced with a threat, roseate spoonbills alert the colony by standing tall with their neck outstretched and head held high. An alarm call may come in addition to this stance to call further attention to the threat. When fighting a threat, they hold the axis of their body parallel to the ground with their head lowered, neck outstretched, and wings raised above their body. Striking with their bill may result if the threat is intensified. One threat that causes this kind of behavior includes territorial defense against an encroaching member of an outside flock.[6]
Only males have been seen to use defense mechanisms to defend a wide territory around his nesting site.[11] Defense mechanisms may include a threat posture and chasing other spoonbills. Males will give up their territory rather than fight if threatened by other species. Females will only defend the actual nest.[6]
Some displays are performed by the whole flock including up-flights and sky-gazing.[6] Up-flights occur after the flock performs an erect posture and then flies up and circles around their territory.[10] Sky-gazing occurs when another spoonbill is seen flying and individuals in the flock extend their neck and point their bill to the flying bird.[6]
Habitat
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Roseate spoonbills are aquatic wading birds with separate feeding and nesting habitats.
Feeding Habitat
Their preferred feeding habitat is shallow water with a muddy substrate bottom.[10] Since spoonbills use their elongate bill to sift through the mud for food and their ability to lean in is dictated by their height, the water must be shallow for them to successfully forage. The spoonbills’ tarsus, or lower leg, is typically 4.2 to 4.8 inches long, meaning that their preferred water depth is equal to or less than 4.7 inches, on average. When absolutely necessary, spoonbills will occasionally feed in deeper water, where their breast feathers and heads are fully immersed.[12][13][14]
Spoonbills do not seem to be directly affected by salinity and will forage in a variety of salt, brackish, and fresh water habitats.[6]
Some specific locations include coastal bays, estuaries, lagoons, seagrass flats, marsh, tidal pools and mosquito control impoundments. One study in Florida found that spoonbills seem to prefer freshwater in some areas, which may be related to a limited ability to deal with hyperosmotic prey.[15]
Nesting Habitat
In an attempt to stay far from potential disturbances and predators, Roseate spoonbills primarily nest and roost on islands, islets, or keys, in dense vegetation above ground or standing water.[14] Although less preferable, spoonbills will also nest in shrub and forest wetlands on the mainland and occasionally in upland habitats farther inland.[14]
Spoonbills do not require unique nesting habitat and will nest in mixed colonies with egrets, ibises, herons and other wading birds, so long as they are near suitable foraging habitat.[16]
Roseate spoonbills construct their nests on shady horizontal branches, five to fifteen feet above ground or water.[12][14] The highest spoonbill nest recorded measured 98 feet above the ground.[14]
No specific vegetation is required, as spoonbills will construct their nests atop any low vegetation, trees, or shrubs with any plant material that is abundant in the nesting location or nearby shoreline.[17]
Mating
During courtship, the male and female first interact aggressively toward one another, but then proceed to perch close together with their bills crossed as the female begins to act submissively.[10]
Courtship for roseate spoonbills involves ritualized exchanges of nest material such as sticks and twigs from the male to the female to attract her and help her build a deeply cupped nest in vegetation above a water source.[1] Males may head-bob and shake the stick as they deliver nesting materials to a female. Females have been seen to beg for nesting materials with a bowing display.[6]
They typically nest in mangroves or other trees and shrubs 5 to 15 feet above ground or water. The nest, a bulky platform of sticks with a deep twig, and leaf-lined center is built mainly by the female with material brought by the male.[18]
Clutch size is 2 to 3 eggs, (range 1 to 5). The white eggs are spotted with brown. Eggs are incubated (by both sexes) for 22 to 24 days. Both parents feed the young. Young may leave the nest after 5 to 6 weeks and are capable of strong flight at around 7 to 8 weeks.[18]
Roseate Spoonbill Nesting Facts[19]
| Clutch Size: | 1-5 eggs |
| Number of Broods: | 1 brood |
| Egg Length: | 2.2-2.8 in |
| Incubation Period: | 22 days |
| Nestling Period: | 35-42 days |
| Egg Description: | Whitish to pale green, evenly covered with brown spots. |
| Condition at Hatching: | Pink skinned and covered with white down. Eyed closed and unable to stand. |
Threats
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In the late 1800s, hunting for the feather trade decimated the roseate spoonbill population. The US Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 was enacted, prohibiting the taking of roseate spoonbills, their eggs, and their nests.[16]
Currently, roseate spoonbills are under least concern on the IUCN Red list with a stable population.[7] Even though their population is stable, roseate spoonbills are suffering from habitat degradation and loss.[1] Roseate spoonbills feed and nest in coastal marshes, lagoons, mudflats, and mangroves that are being highly altered from coastal development. Tourism in these newly developed areas further degrades the habitat of waterbird species.
Roseate spoonbills have been observed to stay away from high traffic areas, which may affect their migration routes and breeding sites.[20] Analyzing hydrological processes, nesting distribution, and reproductive success is important when conserving the habitat for the roseate spoonbill.[21]
Along with habitat loss, parasites are also a cause for concern to roseate spoonbill populations. In Southern Florida, 89% of roseate spoonbills examined were found to be infected with parasitic helminths.[22] These parasites may come from their diet and lead to pathogens for roseate spoonbills. Texas roseate spoonbills are not infected by similar helminth species as the Florida individuals. One cause for this may be a difference in diet, resulting in different parasites being present.[22] In Texas populations, nematode and cestode parasites have been found.[5] The effects of these parasites is not well known but may lead to eggshell thinning, developmental issues, and an increase in disease.
As a result of polluted waters from increased development, the presence of mercury in roseate spoonbill livers has been observed.[23] Increasingly polluted waters affect roseate spoonbills because it increases the concentration of contaminants such as mercury in fish species that constitute a large portion of their diet. Populations that eat larger fish accumulate a greater concentration of mercury in their systems due to biomagnification. Effects of mercury in wading birds include loss of motor skill, an increase in diseases, decreased immune function, embryo mortality, and alterations in behavior. Other toxins that may be of concern to the roseate spoonbill include cadmium, lead, and organochlorides.[6]
Predators can threaten the roseate spoonbill population if there is an increase in predator density. Common predators to roseate spoonbills include humans, raccoons, fish crows, great-tailed grackles, and the red imported fire ant.[24] Many of these predators attack the eggs and nestlings of waterbirds. To decrease the effects of predators on prey populations, monitoring the interaction and population of each species is necessary.
Some of these threats may worsen and lead to a susceptible roseate spoonbill population. In order to prevent this, systematic monitoring schemes, conservation sites, buffer zones, and water quality monitoring must continue.[7]
Conservation and Management
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Today, the roseate spoonbill is protected in the United States by the U.S. Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and in Florida as a State-designated Threatened species by Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species Rule.[3]
Perhaps the most important conservation problem for this species is the degradation and destruction of coastal foraging and nesting habitat.[6]
Some of the human activities that put the roseate spoonbill population at risk include: recreational development, channelization of streams, creation of locks and dams, dredging, increasing boat traffic, draining wetlands, applying pesticide on agricultural land, and deforestation.[6]
A major threat to roseate spoonbills is food availability, which is easily threatened by reduced freshwater inflow and hypersalinity exceeding the physiological tolerance of prey.[6]
In addition to salinity issues, pesticides and other toxic contaminants such as organochlorides (DDT, DDD, dieldrin) and heavy metals (cadmium, lead), are harmful to both roseate spoonbills and their prey.[6] With proper coastal water management, however, these last two threats are manageable.
Overall, some of the management practices necessary for maintaining preferable habitat for roseate spoonbills include--maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas, riparian habitat, and nature preserves; restricting human disturbance during migration, breeding, and nesting by creating no-access buffer zones; controlling pollution in aquatic habitats; protecting existing wetlands and restoring degraded wetlands; prohibiting hunting; and providing protection from predators like feral dogs and raccoons.[12][16]
For now, the main goal should be the continual protection of the roseate spoonbill’s foraging and nesting habitat to ensure recruitment opportunities in the future.[12] In order to properly manage the roseate spoonbill population, a few aspects of their biology need to be thoroughly investigated. Some areas of future research should include nesting and breeding ecology, diet and foraging ecology, demographic parameters, population genetics, and behavioral repertoire.[6]
Video
Roseate Spoonbill Feeding Nestlings
Spoonbills an indicator of health for Florida Bay
Please select a Roseate spoonbill video to view.
